Health
Health: Genotype And Compatibility, Phenotype, Blood Groups And DNA
Within the Rh and ABO blood group systems, there are 8 different phenotypes in human blood – A-Positive, B-Positive, A-Negative, B-Negative, AB-Positive, AB-Negative, O-Positive, and O-Negative.
Do you know your genotype and its compatibility, phenotype, blood group and your genetic health?
The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism and the genetic makeup of an organism is coded for in its DNA, being the hereditary material of the cell.
Medical researches have revealed that the DNA of organisms is organized into sections that code for proteins which are called genes.
Understand that each gene has different versions and the specific version that an organism inherits is its genotype. It is the genotype of an organism that helps to control the phenotype, or the observable traits of that organism.
What are the examples of phenotypes? It include hair color (whether brown, black, blonde), eye color, or even microscopic traits such as which version of a protein is produced inside cells.
How Genotypes, Blood Groups And Phenotypes Are Inherited
Genotypes and blood groups are inherited from parents. There are about 41 types of blood groups according to ISBT in 2019, especially the Rh group and ABO systems.
Within the Rh and ABO blood group systems, there are 8 different phenotypes in human blood – A-Positive, B-Positive, A-Negative, B-Negative, AB-Positive, AB-Negative, O-Positive, and O-Negative.
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The genotype helps to indicate the protein type that is found in the red blood cells (RBCs). People who possess the genotypes SS and SC have sickle cell diseases and based on the type of haemoglobin found in the RBCs, human beings have about six genotypes namely: – AA, AC, AS, CC, SC, and SS.
DNA is the genetic material of the cell in human bodies which is arranged in order of sequences called genes.
Human genes come in different versions called alleles. Allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence at a particular genomic location.
Each individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for a particular genomic location where the type of variation exists. There are two copies of each gene in an individual and the specific combination of alleles which is inherited is called the genotype.
Study shows that alleles can also be dominant if they mask another allele, or recessive. If you inherit two dominant alleles (LL) your genotype is homozygous dominant. But if it is two recessive alleles (ll) your genotype is homozygous recessive.
In any case an individual inherits one of each allele (Ll) the genotype will be heterozygous.
What Are Differences Between Blood Group And Genotype?
The major difference between blood group and genotype is that blood group is what constitutes the different kinds of blood found in human beings, governed by different antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs), while genotype forms the genetic constituency of cells in human beings.
Blood Group
It is important to know that the absence or presence of antibodies and inherited antigenic particles on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs) leads to the classification of humans’ blood into different groups.
The following are the antigens based on the blood group system: Carbohydrates, proteins, and glycoproteins.
Also note that a few of these antigens are found on the surface of the other cell types of different tissues.
According to Study.com, “There are two main types of genotypes, heterozygous and homozygous. If an organism has a heterozygous genotype, this means they inherit two different versions of a gene. If an organism is homozygous for a gene, it means they inherit two of the same versions of the gene.”
As explained earlier, human beings can inherit a version of blood that produces A-type of blood, B-type of blood, or o-type of blood.
The Following Are Some Examples Of Heterozygous And Homozygous Genotypes
Heterozygous genotypes: Ao, AB, or Bo.
Homozygous genotypes for blood type: AA, BB, or oo.
Research shows that different genotypes produce different phenotypes depending on which version is dominant to the other.
Function Of Genotype And Compatibilities
Genotypes makes up for the genetic constitution of each individual.
Your genotype makes up for the entire heritable genetic identity you possess– the genes transferred from your parent to you, which you also transfer to your children, the children’s children throughout generations.
It is the red blood cells (RBCs) that is involved in determining the genotype of human beings.
Understanding the genotypes compatibilities can prevent the hardships caused by Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in relationships and families, ensuring healthier generations to come.
The genotypes compatibilities:
- AA + AA: No risk of Sickle Cell Disease
- AA + AS: Safe, but potential carrier of the sickle cell trait
- AS + AS: 25% risk of having a child with SCD
- AS + SS / SS + SS: High risk of having a child with SCD
| Blood group | Genotype |
| What are they? | |
| Refers to different human blood types determined by different antigens found on the surface of the RBCs | It makes up for the genetic makeup of a cell |
| Occurrence | |
| Found outside RBCs | Found in every cell |
| What is the phenotype? | |
| In humans, there are 8 phenotypes of blood groups – A-Positive, B-Positive, A-Negative, B-Negative, AB-Positive, AB-Negative, O-Positive, and O-Negative | In humans, there are 6 phenotypes – AA, AC, AS, CC, SC, and SS |
| How are they determined? | |
| By absence or presence of antigens on the surface of the RBCs | By amino acid sequences of haemoglobin in RBCs |
| What traits does it control? | |
| Governs traits of RBC type only | Governs all the characters that are observed |
| Example | |
| A type, O type, AB type, B type, etc | Height, hair colour, eye colour, etc. – those traits controlled by single genes |
Take the step today—know your genotype and secure a brighter future for yourself and your family.