EDUCATION
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) – Nurse Odo Eugenia Chinasa

In our country today, there are some harmful traditional practices that are still ongoing till date in some communities. Most importantly against women (Girl child) this practices infringes on the right of a girl child. It is considered harmful to girls and women and the violation of human right. It has a lot of negative effect on the girl child and women generally.
Female Gender mutilation is one among the harmful practices. What Is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Female genital mutilation is a procedure that involves partial or completely removing the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organ whenever for non- medical reason.

Female genital mutilation also known as female genital cutting (FGC) in Nigeria account for the most female genital cutting/mutilation (FGM/C) cases worldwide. The practice is a customarily a family tradition that the young female of age 0-15 would experience.
Nationally, 27% of Nigeria women between the age of 15 and 49 were victim of (FGM) as at 2012. In the last thirty (30) years, prevalence of the practice has decrease by half in part of Nigeria. In May 2015 the former president Good luck Jonathan signed a federal law banning female genital mutilation (FGM).

The societies who practice female genital mutilation look at it as an integral part of their tradition and cultural identity or some time as religious obligation. The practices carried out by traditional circumcisers without proper knowledge of human anatomy and medicine.
Most so they have no knowledge of Aseptic techniques or infection prevention and control. Consequently the following are effects of girl child or woman circumcision.
1. Excessive bleeding (Hemorrhage)
2. Shock
3. Genital tissue swelling
4. Infection

5. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) if done in group.
6. Urination problems
7. Impaired wound healing.
8. Death
9. Psychological consequences
10. Menstral problems
11. Keloid
12. Decrease sexual pleasure and desire.
13. Pain during sex
14. Anorgasmia: reduce frequency or absence of organism to mention but a few.
Types Of Female Genital Mutilation
About four type of female genital mutilation has been practice in Nigeria.
1. Type I Clitoridectomy: removing the clitoral hode and at least part of the clitoris.

2. Type II Sunna: removing the clitoris and part of the labial minora.
3. Type III Infibulations: removing the clitoris, labia minora, labial majora. This also involves stitching the vargina opening with minuscule hole for urination and Menstral bleeding.
4. Type IV other unclassified form of FGM may involves pricking, stretching cauterization, or inserting herbs into the vargina.
Lesson From Mali
There is a saying thus, it takes a village to raise a child but conversation with a community in Mali suggest that it will take family, community and government support to end female genital mutilation for good. Grandparents, mothers, fathers and mother – in – law all have their role to play.
Religious leader who can help dispel the myth that FGM is a religious necessity.
The following will help to end FGM
1. Challenge the discriminatory reasons (FGM) is practiced such as reasons that it control female sexuality and preserve virginity.
2. Change tradition with support of older generation.

3. Educate the girl on their right to decide what happen to their body.
4. Public enlightment on the risk and reality of FGM.
5. Spread understanding that religion does not demand female genital cutting (through religious leaders)
6. Full implementation of the May 2015 law that ban FGM
7. Collaborating with some organization like WHO, UNICEF, International Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics, African Union as well as justice development and peace movement (JDPM) of Catholic Dioceses of Oyo who are making effort to end FGM in Nigeria.
EDUCATION
Education: List of Partially And Fully Funded University Scholarships Around The World
Below are lists of Universities in different countries, offering partially and fully funded scholarships, covering tuition fees, cost of living, books allowances and more:

If it is one of your life’s dreams to school outside of the shores of Nigeria, here are a list of partially and fully funded scholarships that can benefit you and make your dream come true.
Below are lists of Universities in different countries, offering partially and fully funded scholarships, covering tuition fees, cost of living, books allowances and more:
1. McGill University Scholarships In Canada 2025 (Fully Funded)
2. 5000 University of Toronto Scholarship in Canada (Fully Funded)
3. University of Calgary Entrance Scholarship In Canada (Funded)
4. Brock University Scholarship In Canada 2025 (Funded)
UN: Injustices Against Africa Must Be Corrected—United Nations’ Antonio Guterres
5. University of Ottawa Scholarships in Canada 2025 (Fully Funded)
6. York University International Scholarship In Canada 2025 (Funded)
7. Harvard Radcliffe Institute Scholarships In USA 2025 (Fully Funded)
8. Miami University Presidential Scholarships In USA 2025 (Fully Funded)
9. The Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program In USA 2025 (Fully Funded)
10. University of Mississippi USA Scholarship 2025 (Funded)
11. Boston University Scholarships In USA 2025 (Funded)
12. Masters Scholarships At Delft University Netherlands In 2025 (Fully Funded)
13. Twente University Netherlands Scholarship 2024 (Funded)
14. Orange Knowledge Program In Netherlands 2025 (Fully Funded)
15. Erasmus University Scholarship In Netherlands 2025 (Funded)
16. Holland-Zuyd Excellence Scholarship (H-ZES) In The Netherlands (Funded)
17. Saïd Foundation Scholarships In UK 2025 (Fully Funded)
18. Commonwealth Shared Scholarship In UK 2025 (Fully Funded)
19. London South Bank University Merit Scholarship In UK 2025 (Funded)
20. UCL Global Masters Scholarship In the UK 2025 (Funded)
21. University of Aberdeen Global Scholarship In UK 2025 (Funded)
22. Queen Elizabeth Commonwealth Scholarship 2025 (Fully Funded).
EDUCATION
Admission: Age limit, university autonomy, Senate and discretionary powers of the universities (Part 2)
What we did at the meeting that we had with JAMB was to allow underage candidates this year and for it to serve as a kind of notice for parents. …JAMB will admit students who are below that age, but from next year, JAMB is going to insist that anybody applying to go to university in Nigeria meets the required age which is 18

By AARE AFE BABALOLA, OFR, CON, SAN, LL.D (Lond.)
NIGERIANS are in a state of uproar following the announcement by the Honourable Minister for Education, Prof. Tahir Mamman,that from 2025 the age for entering into tertiary institutions in Nigeria will be 18 years in accordance with the Nigerian Education Policy. This announcement was hinged on the 4-10-3-4 system of Nigeria Education Policy of 2013. Under the policy, it is true that application of the 4-10-3-4 system of education will put the age of entrance into tertiary institutions at 18 years. This system has been in existence for decades but was not enforced apparently because all previous governments were aware of the adverse effect on outstanding or gifted children.
To remedy its non-implementation of the education system over the years, the Honourable Minister of Education has announced that: “It is 18 (years). What we did at the meeting that we had with JAMB was to allow underage candidates this year and for it to serve as a kind of notice for parents. …JAMB will admit students who are below that age, but from next year, JAMB is going to insist that anybody applying to go to university in Nigeria meets the required age which is 18. We are not actually coming up with new policies contrary to what some people are saying. We are just reminding people of what is existing. In any case, NECO and WAEC, henceforth, will not be allowing under-age children to write their examinations”. IT’S NOT A MATTER OF AGE. It’s a matter of the years spent at each level of education”.
While the Honourable Minister stated that it is not a matter of age, his announcement admits the contrary.
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Implications of the sudden implementation of the education system
The Federal Ministry of Education is attempting to make up for its failure to implement the education system over the years. However, the proposed mode of implementation is ill-advised for the following reasons:
Psychological implication
There are millions of students in senior secondary schools who will finish the secondary school before they are age 18 years. Will these students be asked to wait one, two or three years just because the most important pre-qualification condition for writing the WAEC, NECO and JAMB is age? This policy will forcefully halt academic momentum leading to an irretrievable loss of valuable time. It will certainly affect the psychology of the students negatively leading to loss of interest in education.
Likewise, this policy disproportionately affects gifted students and those who earn accelerated promotions in elementary and secondary schools. The minister recognised these sets of students but communicated his unwillingness to concede special recognition for them. He has this to say on the matter: “At the moment, this is what we have. But it’s very legitimate to appeal and look at that window of how we care for our smart children. And this is a conversation for another day. Other countries do similar things. They have age specifications for each level of education. But again, they look at the possibilities of smart children. A lot of times in Nigeria, what sometimes is a widow eventually becomes a door.”
Admission into tertiary institution
Statistics reveal that 1,985,642 candidates registered for JAMB in 2024. Only 385,050 students were admitted to tertiary institutions in 2023. There is the likelihood that the admission rate will be less than 500,000 in 2024. The question therefore is: will all candidates who are 18 years old be granted admission on the year of first application from 2025? Nigeria has a peculiar situation that makes it unique and therefore discourages imitating what is obtainable in other climes. Admission is not automatic upon qualification because Nigeria is bereft of adequate tertiary institutions to fully admit deserving candidates. Also, the Federal Ministry of Education cannot guarantee that all qualified candidates will be admitted into tertiary institutions. Imposing other mechanisms to slow down promising youths is therefore needless, ill-timed and ill-advised in Nigeria
Education tourism
Education tourism is a culture in Nigeria. The speed at which Nigerian students migrate abroad in pursuit of foreign education has continually been on an exponential rise. • Between 2006 and 2016, over 10,000 Nigerian Students were enrolled in one university in Benin Republic, not counting several other universities along the coast of West Africa and the West. • The data from the British government education tourism to the UK reveal that there were 6,798 in 2019. This rose to 59,053 in 2022 which amounts to a 768.7 percent difference. In 2022, the number of Nigerian students who received a UK student visa was 65,929. • According to the data, 14,438 Nigerians enrolled for education in the US in 2022 as against 12,860 recorded in 2021. • In Malaysia, there are lots of Nigerians pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Reports have it that there are over 13000 Nigerian students in Malaysian universities. • The number of new study permits issued to Nigerians for study in Canada increased to 13,745 from 10,550 in 2020. • The United Arab Emirates has more than 1,755 Nigerian resident students • Hungary is gradually becoming a destination country for foreign education with over 700 Nigerian students studying there • Reports show that there are about 71,000 Nigerian students in Ghana paying about US$ 1 billion annually as tuition fees and their upkeeps. In 2022, over 78,000 Nigerian students were in universities across Ghana compared to 13,919 according to a UNESCO report in 2016, a whopping 560.38 percent. • Foreign education cost Nigeria $28.65billion from 2010 to 2020, with Personal Transport Allowance totalling $58.7billion.
These figures do not include countless Nigerian children enrolled in primary and secondary schools abroad.
Many experts and parents indicated that the shabby state of the Nigerian education system is basically fuelling the education tourism, especially as it concerns tertiary education.
This education tourism may be further amplified where parents are desirous to preserve the academic momentum of their wards who fully qualify for admission into tertiary institutions before they are age 18 years.
Brain drain
With over 90 million people under 18 years of age, Nigeria ranks as the world’s third-largest youth population, trailing only India and China. However, there are obviously not enough schools to provide tertiary education to all of them.
Most of the students who will qualify for admission into tertiary institutions before they are 18 years would have shown a high propensity for intelligence. What the current education policy does is that it encourages our young brilliant children to seek tertiary education elsewhere.
More often than not, graduates tend to stay in the country where they obtained their tertiary education for employment.
AARE AFE BABALOLA, OFR, CON, SAN, LL.D (Lond.)
EDUCATION
Expedite Actions Towards Alleviating The Sufferings Of Nigerians, End Extreme Hardship, CONUA Tasks Tinubu
Since the fuel subsidy removal and naira devaluation policies of the present administration, Nigerians have been going through excruciating pains and extreme hardship which needs government’s urgent intervention.

The Congress of University Academics, CONUA, has urged President Bola Ahmed Tinubu to expedite action towards pulling Nigerians out the cesspit of extreme hardship in the country created by various reforms of his administration.
CONUA is a splinter group from Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), which was formed by university lecturers during the last prolonged strike organised by ASUU.
A statement issued by it’s President, Dr Niyi Sumonu on Saturday revealed that since the fuel subsidy removal and naira devaluation policies of the present administration, Nigerians have been going through excruciating pains and extreme hardship which needs government’s urgent intervention.
“The Congress of University Academics (CONUA) has, again, reviewed the state of the nation and noted the excruciating pains Nigerians have been going through as a result of the removal of fuel subsidy since 29th May 2023 and the subsequent policy of floating the Naira.
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“The union further notes that President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, GCFR, has assured the nation that a series of measures are being put in place to alleviate the suffering of the people. CONUA urges the President to expedite action on those measures, particularly the announcement of a commensurate minimum wage that will cushion the effect of this untold hardship being currently experienced by the citizens”, it stated.
Dr. Sumonu described as illegal the continuous withholding of its members three months salary occasioned by the strike declared by the Academic Staff Union of Universities, ASUU, in 2022, denying the participation of Union’s members in the said industrial action.
In his words, “the Union wishes to once again call the attention of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu (GCFR) to the continued withholding of the three and a half months salary due to the strike action embarked by a sister academic staff union in the Universities. CONUA, as a Union has consistently maintained that it never declared and was not part of the strike action.
“What the government had done was to lump together those who embarked on strike with those who did not! This is unjust, and is tantamount to punishing the innocent along with the guilty. The Federal Government’s action actually goes against the judgment delivered on 25th July, 2023 at the National Industrial Court of Nigeria (NICN), which affirmed CONUA as an independent Union”.
“The President should note that withholding the three and a half months salaries of members of CONUA, who neither declared nor participated in any strike action, contravenes Section 43 (1b) of the Trade Disputes Act CAP. T8, which states that “where any employer locks out his workers, the workers shall be entitled to wages and any other applicable remunerations for the period of the lock-out and the period of the lock-out shall not prejudicially affect any rights of the workers being rights dependent on the continuity of period of employment”.
The Union further urged President Tinubu to pay attention to the remuneration of academics in the university which has been stagnant since 15 years ago, despite the steady rise in the cost of living and demanded an adjustment in the emoluments of lecturers to bring the best out of them.
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