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Why isn’t Easter celebrated on the same date every year?

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It had all the makings of a spirited religious debate: More than 300 bishops representing different factions of the Christian church met during the 4th century in what is now Turkey.

One of the subjects on the table was Easter.

Early Christians disagreed about whether Easter, the faith’s most theologically significant holiday, should be celebrated in conjunction with the Jewish holiday of Passover. Syrian churches, which wanted the holidays to fall on the same day, were in the minority.

Bishops meeting at the Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. tried to resolve the disagreement. All churches would determine the date of Easter using the method of Christians in Rome and Alexandria, Egypt, the bishops wrote to the Alexandria churches after the meeting.

The letter, however, left a key question unresolved.

“It does not tell you how to make the calculation,” said Susan Wessel, a theology and religious studies professor at Catholic University.

Pope Francis celebrates Palm Sunday Mass in St. Peter’s Square at the Vatican as the Catholic Church enters Holy Week. (Gregorio Borgia/AP)

The eventual result was another divide among Christians. Catholics and Protestants now celebrate Easter on the first Sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox, placing the holiday between March 22 and April 25.

While most churches calculate the date with the Gregorian calendar created by Pope Gregory XIII, Orthodox churches use the older Julian calendar established by Julius Caesar. Orthodox Christians celebrate Easter between April 4 and May 8.

As a result, anyone trying to plan an egg hunt or calculate when stores will stock chocolate bunnies has to take a fresh look at the calendar each spring to find the right dates. Easter falls late this year, with most churches celebrating it on April 21 and Orthodox Christians recognizing it a week later.

The bishops’ original disagreement over when to recognize the holiday centered on how directly to link Easter to Passover, when Jews celebrate their liberation from slavery in ancient Egypt. In the biblical story, God inflicted plagues on the Egyptians. Jews who marked their doors with lamb’s blood were passed over and did not suffer the plague of death of their firstborn son.

Early Christians in Syria, who lived in proximity to Jews, wanted to maintain the theological link between Passover and Easter, Wessel said. They drew a parallel between the sacrificial lambs of Passover and the figurative lamb of Jesus Christ, who they believed died on the cross to atone for humanity’s sins.

Roman and Alexandrian Christians, meanwhile, thought Easter should be on a Sunday because of the Christian belief that Jesus rose from the dead on that day. This group also tried to differentiate themselves from Judaism, Wessel said, and did not want to link Easter directly with Passover.

The Roman church was starting to be seen as the epicenter of the faith, and its ideas carried weight, Wessel said. That influence, combined with negotiations to make sure the Alexandria church was on its side, helped it win the debate.

Early Christians’ exact reasoning for deciding that Easter should be on the Sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox remains somewhat elusive. The significance of the full moon relates to how Passover’s date is determined, Wessel said. The date of this “Paschal Full Moon” is calculated based on lunar cycles and can differ slightly from the actual full moon, Panos Antsaklis, an engineering professor at University of Notre Dame, wrote in a 2005 paper.

The significance of the spring equinox may be its association with rebirth, Wessel said, but there is no proof that the bishops referenced it for that reason.

Even after this method for finding the date of Easter was created, the disagreement did not fully die.

“By no means is it the case that from the Council of Nicaea onward, it’s all established and everything is the same,” Wessel said.

In the mid-5th century, she said, Pope Leo I acknowledged that Alexandria had diverged from Rome and begun calculating the date of Easter using a different calendar. The realization sparked tension, Wessel said, but the factions maintained their separate systems.

The method for computing the date is periodically challenged to this day. Bishops at the Second Vatican Council in 1963 proposed fixing Easter on a specific Sunday, according to one of the council’s constitutions. The World Council of Churches in 1997 also tried unsuccessfully to standardize the process.

“It’s a continuing debate because of the complexity of the calculations,” Wessel said. “Nobody’s really sure how each other is doing it and their reasons for doing it.”

In Wessel’s estimation, though, that’s probably fine with modern-day churches. In the grand scheme of religious debates, she said, the date of Easter is one of those topics on which Christians can agree to disagree.

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Catholic Bishops Across Nigeria Meets To Discuss State Of The Nation, Others

The Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria is the highest decision-making body of the Catholic Church in Nigeria and holds its plenary meeting twice in a year where matters of the Catholic faith and society are discussed…

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About 180 Catholic Bishops drawn from various Archdioceses and Dioceses across the country, in the second plenary meeting of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Nigeria (CBCN) from August 22 to 30, 2024, will converge in Auchi, Edo State to discuss the state of the nation and other issues.

The Chairman of the Local Organising Committee, Rev. Fr. Peter Egielewa, disclosed this in a statement on Monday.

The 2024 Second Plenary of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria, is being hosted by the Catholic Diocese of Auchi, with Most Rev. (Dr) Gabriel Dunia as the Local Ordinary.

The Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria is the highest decision-making body of the Catholic Church in Nigeria and holds its plenary meeting twice in a year where matters of the Catholic faith and society are discussed and resolutions in the form of a communique are communicated to the Catholic faithful of Nigeria, leaders of the nation and Nigerians in general.

The meeting is coming on the heels of the recent hunger protest by the #EndBadGovernance group and the Take It Back Movement.

This is the first time the Bishops are meeting since the protests took place from August 1 to August 10, 2024, even as the protesters had vowed to continue on October 1.

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According to Daily Sun, the bishops will discuss political, economic and religious issues affecting the nation.

The Chairman, Local Organizing Committee, Rev. Fr. Peter Egielewa, in a statement made available to Daily Sun, said: “The Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Auchi, Edo State, Most Rev. Dr Gabriel G. Dunia, together with the entire faithful of the Diocese are set to host the second plenary of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Nigeria (CBCN) for the year 2024 from 22nd to 30th August 2024.

“The meeting hopes to bring together, the over 80 Catholic Bishops to Auchi Diocese, also called Afenmai land, which is made up of the six local Government Areas of Edo North Senatorial District of Edo State.”

Egielewa further said the meeting is the first time the Catholic Diocese of Auchi will be hosting the Catholic Bishops Conference of Nigeria in its 21-year history after its Erection as a Diocese on 22nd February 2003 with Bishop Dunia as its first and current Bishop.

Egielewa quoted Bishop Dunia to have said that “all catholic faithful of the Catholic Diocese of Auchi, at home and in the Diaspora, as well as friends and well-wishers of the Diocese are invited to take part in this epoch-making event in welcoming the fathers of the Catholic Church in Nigeria, particularly to the opening Mass at the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Auchi on Sunday 25th August 2024, and the general opening ceremonies at Uyi Grands Hall, Auchi.”

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The Anglican Synod Lafia Points Out Factors Weakening Naira, Rising Inflation In Nigeria

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The Anglican Synod organised by Lafia Diocese in Nasarawa State, has pointed out some factors that have been weakening the naira, causing persistent high inflation in the country.

This was revealed during its 3-day of the 9th synod of the Anglican Church of Nigeria, organised by the Diocese of Lafia, held at St. James Cathedral in Lafia, the capital of Nasarawa State.

A case was made of the major factors potentially threatening Nigerians’ survival, since the beginning of the administration of incumbent President, Bola Ahmed Tinubu.

The removal of fuel subsidies by the Tinubu-led federal government and the continued dollarization of the country’s economy by certain government’s policies, CBN and some Nigerians.

“These factors are not only contributing to the weakening of Nigeria’s currency, heightening inflation and the japa syndrome but are wholly responsible for the present economic crisis, characterized by hunger, suffering and its attendant consequences on Nigerians across the board” the Synod stated.

In a communique issued to newsmen at the end of the Synod and signed by Godwin Adeyi Robinson, the Anglican Bishop of Lafia Diocese, said being the most populous democratic country in the African continent, Nigeria is still wandering around issues, that potentially posed a threat to Nigeria economy.

The Synod, therefore commended President Tinubu for the steps being taken in addressing the challenges eluding Nigeria and its citizens.

The communique reads in part: “The Synod commends the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Ahmed Bola Tinubu GCFR, for the efforts being made to tackle the many problems in Nigeria, including economic stability, security and social wellbeing of Nigeria, as the most populous democratic country in Africa.

“The Synod observes that the removal of fuel subsidy leads to the present hardship in Nigeria, cascading into hyperinflation of goods and services, thereby impacting negatively across the board in Nigeria.

“The Synod appeals to Nigerians to stop the Dollarization of Nigeria economy which has potentially weakened the Naira and further heightened inflation and encourage the migration of young Nigerians out of the country, that is JAPA syndrome, with the devastating impact on brain drain of medical and academic personnel out of the country,” its added.

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Hajj: More Than 1,300 Pilgrims Dies In Mecca, Saudi Arabia Amid Scorching Heatwaves

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The 2024 Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia has become a religious observance and ritual of death fatalities with records above 1,300, as a result of extreme high temperatures at the holy sites.

Death fatalities are common in yearly Hajj pilgrimages in Madinah, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

The Saudi authorities announced on Sunday that the death fatalities of above 1,300 occured as the pilgrimage faithful faced extreme high temperatures.

The 15 Nigerian pilgrims who died during the spiritual exercise of pelting/stoning the Devil-one of the rites at Jamurat, including a female pilgrim who committed suicide, were pilgrims from Kwara, Lagos, Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, and Kebbi states.

About 17 other pilgrims from Nigeria suffered severe heatstroke at the holy sites as a result of the high temperature which triggered several casualties while four pilgrims with pregnancies were uncovered, with two suffering miscarriages.

Recall that on 25 Jun 2023 abou six Nigerian pilgrims participating in the 2023 Hajj in Saudi Arabia were confirmed dead by the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria.

On 30 July, 2019 The Chairman Medical Committee of the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NAHCON) Dr Ibrahim Kana, confirmed the death of about five Nigerians during the year’s Hajj in Madinah Mecca.

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According to AP Reports, Saudi Health Minister Fahd bin Abdurrahman Al-Jalajel said that 83% of the 1,301 fatalities were unauthorized pilgrims who walked long distances in soaring temperatures to perform the Hajj rituals in and around the holy city of Mecca.

Speaking with the state-owned Al Ekhbariya TV, the minister said 95 pilgrims were being treated in hospitals, some of whom were airlifted for treatment in the capital, Riyadh. He said the identification process was delayed because there were no identification documents with many of the dead pilgrims.

He said the dead were buried in Mecca, without giving a breakdown.

The fatalities included more than 660 Egyptians. All but 31 of them were unauthorized pilgrims, according to two officials in Cairo. Egypt has revoked the licenses of 16 travel agencies that helped unauthorized pilgrims travel to Saudi Arabia, authorities said.

The officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to brief journalists, said most of the dead were reported at the Emergency Complex in Mecca’s Al-Muaisem neighborhood. Egypt sent more than 50,000 authorized pilgrims to Saudi Arabia this year.

Saudi authorities cracked down on unauthorized pilgrims, expelling tens of thousands of people. But many, mostly Egyptians, managed to reach holy sites in and around Mecca, some on foot. Unlike authorized pilgrims, they had no hotels to return to to escape the scorching heat.

In a statement Saturday, Egypt’s government said the 16 travel agencies failed to provide adequate services for pilgrims. It said these agencies illegally facilitated the travel of pilgrims to Saudi Arabia using visas that don’t allow holders to travel to Mecca.

The government also said officials from the companies have been referred to the public prosecutor for investigation.According to the state-owned Al-Ahram daily, some travel agencies and Hajj trip operators sold Saudi tourist visas to Egyptian Hajj hopefuls, violating Saudi regulations which require exclusive visas for pilgrims. Those agencies left pilgrims in limbo in Mecca and the holy sites in scorching heat, the newspaper said.

The fatalities also included 165 pilgrims from Indonesia, 98 from India and dozens more from Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria and Malaysia, according to an Associated Press tally. Two U.S. citizens were also reported dead.

The AP could not independently confirm the causes of death, but some countries like Jordan and Tunisia blamed the soaring heat. AP journalists saw pilgrims fainting from the scorching heat, especially on the second and third days of the Hajj. Some vomited and collapsed.

Historically, deaths are not uncommon at the Hajj, which has seen at times over 2 million people travel to Saudi Arabia for a five-day pilgrimage. The pilgrimage’s history has also seen deadly stampedes and epidemics.

But this year’s tally was unusually high, suggesting exceptional circumstances.

In 2015 a stampede in Mina killed over 2,400 pilgrims, the deadliest incident ever to strike the pilgrimage, according to an AP count. Saudi Arabia has never acknowledged the full toll of the stampede. A separate crane collapse at Mecca’s Grand Mosque earlier the same year killed 111.

The second-deadliest incident at the Hajj was a 1990 stampede that killed 1,426 people.During this year’s Hajj period, daily high temperatures ranged between 46 degrees Celsius (117 degrees Fahrenheit) and 49 degrees Celsius (120 degrees Fahrenheit) in Mecca and sacred sites in and around the city, according to the Saudi National Center for Meteorology. Some people fainted while trying to perform the symbolic stoning of the devil.

The Hajj, one of the five pillars of Islam, is one of the world’s largest religious gatherings. More than 1.83 million Muslims performed the Hajj in 2024, including more than 1.6 million from 22 countries, and around 222,000 Saudi citizens and residents, according to the Saudi Hajj authorities.

Saudi Arabia has spent billions of dollars on crowd control and safety measures for those attending the annual five-day pilgrimage, but the sheer number of participants makes it difficult to ensure their safety.

Climate change could make the risk even greater. A 2019 study by experts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that even if the world succeeds in mitigating the worst effects of climate change, the Hajj would be held in temperatures exceeding an “extreme danger threshold” from 2047 to 2052, and from 2079 to 2086.Islam follows a lunar calendar, so the Hajj comes around 11 days earlier each year. By 2029, the Hajj will occur in April, and for several years after that it will fall in the winter, when temperatures are milder.

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